An Urban Ethnography of Latino Street:Gangs in Los Angeles and Ventura Counties, End Notes and Bibliography

Francine Garcia-Hallcom

Professor emerita of the California State University (Northridge)
First published on: http://www.csun.edu/~hcchs006/gang.html
with a statement as “This website is no longer supported by Dr. Francine Hallcom. Feel free to use all the information found on this website.”

First appeared: 1999 published at the California State University (Northridge),
First redistribution at MarkupDancing: 2010-10-05 00:10:18,
Modified: 2020-02-19 14:06:33,
Last modified: 2020-08-12 13:20:49.

END NOTES

1. It is important to note that aggregate data on “Hispanics” includes Cubans, Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, Hondurans, Chicanos, and many other groups of Spanish speaking origin. As a result, aggregate statistics, lumped together under the heading of “Hispanics” nowadays, do little more than misrepresent the experience of groups included.

2. Poverty line is an index developed by the Social Security Administration and is calculated on the lowest cost for a nutritionally adequate food plan as developed by the Department of Agriculture. It is based on family size and is calculated by multiplying the cost of this food plan by three, assuming that a family spends one third of its budget on food (In a city like Los Angeles where housing costs are prohibitive, this assumptions is immediately suspect.) Nonetheless, the figure is then adjusted by the Consumer Price Index.

3. DISCLAIMER: Studying gang members caused me discomfort and consternation at times because their actions were unnatural and even bizarre. I discussed events that were completely foreign to my personal values. As an interviewers, an observer and not a judge of their actions, the remarks here are neither in their defense nor condemnation. Furthermore, it would have been counterproductive to take issue with gang members whose values were formed over a long period of time and not likely to change quickly because of the chastisement of one researcher.

We often stood on street corners and talked, or on front-yards, on someone’s lawn, in front of stores, and on sidewalks in the park. Some refused to answer some or all of the questions. Other members answered everything and would have gone on and on indefinitely. Most of the time I was alone, sometimes I was assisted by other female graduate students. Alone, there was less opportunity for comment and intrusion from an assistant researcher. Many said I reminded them of someone in the extended family — older sister, aunt, mother, grandmother, cousin, godmother, great-aunt etc.

In their investigation, Hopper and Moore say “It was hard to fathom the chasm between bikers and the rest of us.” (Hopper and Moore 1990:369) I could say the same about the Hispanic street gang members and the rest of society.

Their obsession with being treated with respect was particularly interesting and in many ways ironic. They do not deal with “citizens” and do not like social workers or sociologists. They never trust anyone except their own. I thought it was important to study gang and non-affiliated, as observer rather than critic or reformer. It may be the only way to get to the pee-wees and the recruits in time. Most of what I witnessed caused me great anguish.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

[Note by Takayuki KAWAMOTO (redistributor at this site)] 本稿がどのように成立したのかは不明だが、下記の文献表を整理していると “1″ が “l” になっている箇所が多数あった。したがって、印刷物をスキャンしたと思われる。だが、それ以前にオリジナルのウェブ・ページをご覧になった方はお分かりのとおり、学術的な文献表としてのフォーマットに従っていない箇所が多く、一人の人間が作った文献表とは思えないほど表記の仕方にばらつきがあった。したがって、以下の文献表は殆ど河本が手直ししているため、雑誌名と思われる名詞の後に数字があった場合は、号数ではなく巻数と判断して、“Vol.” を補足するなどの処置をとった。誤りもあろうと思われるので、ご注意いただきたい。

なお、著者名は先頭の人名だけを [family name, given name (middle names)] の順番に表記してあり、二人以上の複数の人名を並べるカンマとの区別がつきにくいことを考慮して（二人だけなら、“and” だけで区切っている）、複数の人名をカンマで区切る場合は、先頭の人名と二人目の人名はセミコロンで区切っている。また、イニシャルを元の表記に直している人名もあるが、これは全ての人名について直しているわけではない。（稀にイニシャルしか表記したくないという人もいる。）さらに、イニシャルにピリオドが付いていないものは補っているが、これも稀にピリオドをわざとつけずに自分の名前を表記したがる人がいるので、つけない方が当人の意にかなっている場合があることにも注意が必要である。そして、著者名が３名以上の場合にだけ、いわゆる “Cambridge comma” を使っている。

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1985

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1995

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1989

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この “L.A.2 Times” は誤記のようにも思えるが、そのままにしてある。なお、この記事は古すぎるのか、L. A. Times のサイトでは検索にヒットしなかったし、記事タイトルだけで検索しても、この論説のオリジナルのページ以外では参照されていないようである。

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元の文献表には “Deputy Chief LAPD” とか “professor” などの余計な肩書が書かれているので、割愛した。

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1994

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1992

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1995

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1992

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